오픈솔라리스에서 오픈인디아나로 업그레이드 하는 방법

Computer/Solaris / 솔라리스 2011. 10. 21. 15:58
먼저 자신의 오픈솔라리스 버전이 뭔지 알아야한다.
uname -a를 실행해서 snv 111인지 snv 134인지 확인한다.

만약 111이라면, 134로 업그레이드를 하고나서 오픈인디아나로의 업그레이드가 가능하다. 따라서, 두 번의 업그레이드를 해야한다는 얘긴데, 첫 번째 업그레이드는 하나마나일 정도로 아주 쉽다.

Step 1
먼저 111에서 134로 업그레이드를 시작한다.
pfexec pkg install SUNWipkg SUNWipkg-um SUNWipkg-gui
pfexec pkg set-publisher -O http://pkg.openindiana.org/legacy opensolaris.org
pfexec pkg image-update -v

Step 2
이제 진짜 오픈솔라리스에서 오픈인디아나로 업그레이드를 시작할 차례다.
pfexec pkg set-publisher --non-sticky opensolaris.org
pfexec pkg set-publisher -P -O http://pkg.openindiana.org/dev openindiana.org
pfexec pkg image-update -v --be-name openindiana

이제 새로운 환경으로 재부팅하면 된다.


만약, 오픈인디아나 148에서 151a로의 업그레이드를 원하면 아래를 따른다.
먼저 패키지 배포처를 확인한다.
pfexec pkg publisher 를 실행해서
openindiana.org (preferred) origin online http://pkg.openindiana.org/dev/ 라고 나오는 것을 확인한다. 나오지 않으면 아래의 명령어를 실행한다.
pfexec pkg set-publisher -O http://pkg.openindiana.org/dev/ openindiana.org

만약 opensolaris라는 문구가 포함된 라인이 출력된다면 아래의 명령어로 삭제한다.
pfexec pkg unset-publisher opensolaris.org

이제 업데이트를 확인할 차례다. 업데이트 사항을 확인만 하고싶으면 아래의 명령어를 수행한다.
pfexec pkg image-update -nv

확인할 필요 없이 바로 진행하고 싶으면 아래의 명령어를 수행한다.
pfexec pkg image-update -v

추가로 덧붙인다면, 새로 업데이트 되는 BE (Boot Environment)의 이름을 바꾸고 싶으면
--be-name 원하는이름
이라고 넣으면 된다. 
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jswlinux

Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

,

Java UDP Pinger Lab

Computer/Programming 2011. 10. 20. 08:18
자바로 만든 UDP Ping 프로그램이다.
서버를 실행할 때 포트번호를 임의로 적어주면 된다.
예) javac PingServer.java && java PingServer localhost 1024

클라이언트의 실행법은 서버의 IP와 포트번호를 적으면 된다.
예) javac PingClient.java && java PingClient localhost 1024

서버의 코드는 Computer Networking, Kurose and Ross, 5th edition에서 작성된 그대로다.

Programming Assignment 3: UDP Pinger Lab

In this lab, you will study a simple Internet ping server written in the Java language, and implement a corresponding client. The functionality provided by these programs are similar to the standard ping programs available in modern operating systems, except that they use UDP rather than Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) to communicate with each other. (Java does not provide a straightforward means to interact with ICMP.) 

The ping protocol allows a client machine to send a packet of data to a remote machine, and have the remote machine return the data back to the client unchanged (an action referred to as echoing). Among other uses, the ping protocol allows hosts to determine round-trip times to other machines.

You are given the complete code for the Ping server below. Your job is to write the Ping client.
 

Server:
// File name: PingClient.java
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;

public class PingServer
{
   private static final double LOSS_RATE = 0.3;
   private static final int AVERAGE_DELAY = 100;  // milliseconds

   public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
   {
      // Get command line argument.
      if (args.length != 1) {
         System.out.println("Required arguments: port");
         return;
      }
      int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

      // Create random number generator for use in simulating
      // packet loss and network delay.
      Random random = new Random();

      // Create a datagram socket for receiving and sending UDP packets
      // through the port specified on the command line.
      DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(port);

      // Processing loop.
      while (true) {
         // Create a datagram packet to hold incomming UDP packet.
         DatagramPacket request = new DatagramPacket(new byte[1024], 1024);

         // Block until the host receives a UDP packet.
         socket.receive(request);

         // Print the recieved data.
         printData(request);

         // Decide whether to reply, or simulate packet loss.
         if (random.nextDouble() < LOSS_RATE) {
            System.out.println("   Reply not sent.");
            continue;
         }

         // Simulate network delay.
         Thread.sleep((int) (random.nextDouble() * 2 * AVERAGE_DELAY));

         // Send reply.
         InetAddress clientHost = request.getAddress();
         int clientPort = request.getPort();
         byte[] buf = request.getData();
         DatagramPacket reply = new DatagramPacket(buf, buf.length, clientHost, clientPort);
         socket.send(reply);

         System.out.println("   Reply sent.");
      }
   }

   /*
    * Print ping data to the standard output stream.
    */
   private static void printData(DatagramPacket request) throws Exception
   {
      // Obtain references to the packet's array of bytes.
      byte[] buf = request.getData();

      // Wrap the bytes in a byte array input stream,
      // so that you can read the data as a stream of bytes.
      ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(buf);

      // Wrap the byte array output stream in an input stream reader,
      // so you can read the data as a stream of characters.
      InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(bais);

      // Wrap the input stream reader in a bufferred reader,
      // so you can read the character data a line at a time.
      // (A line is a sequence of chars terminated by any combination of \r and \n.)
      BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);

      // The message data is contained in a single line, so read this line.
      String line = br.readLine();

      // Print host address and data received from it.
      System.out.println(
         "Received from " +
         request.getAddress().getHostAddress() +
         ": " +
         new String(line) );
   }
}



Client:
// File name: PingClient.java
import java.util.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.text.*;

public class PingClient
{
    private static final int PING_MESSAGES = 10;
    private static final int TOKEN_TIMESTAMP = 2;
    private static final int MAX_WAIT_TIME = 1000;
    private static final String CRLF = "\r\n";

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
    {
        // If user doesn't input both port number and ip address, the program will display an error message.
        if (args.length != 2)
        {
            System.out.println("usage: java PingClient <Host> <Port>");
            //return;
        }
        
        try
        {
            if(!args[0].isEmpty())
                System.out.println("\nHost: "+args[1]+"\nIP address: "+args[0]+"\n");
        }
        catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
        {
            System.out.println("Host name and ip address please");
            System.exit(1);
        }
        InetAddress host = InetAddress.getByName(args[0]);
        
        int portNumber = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
        
        //Create a datagram socket used for sending and recieving UDP packets
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();

        //Set up the maximum time the socket waits for responses
        socket.setSoTimeout(MAX_WAIT_TIME);

        //Construct a ping message to be sent to the Server
        for (int sequence_num = 0; sequence_num < PING_MESSAGES; sequence_num++)
        {
                String message = generatePing(sequence_num);
                DatagramPacket ping_request =
                    new DatagramPacket(message.getBytes(), message.length(), host, portNumber);

                //Send a ping request
                socket.send(ping_request);

                //Datagram packet to hold server response
                DatagramPacket ping_response =
                    new DatagramPacket(new byte[message.length()], message.length());

                //Wait for ping response from server
                try
                {
                        socket.receive(ping_response);
                        printData(ping_response);
                }
                catch (SocketTimeoutException e)
                {
                        System.out.println("No response was received from the server");
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                        //Another unknown error may have occured that can't be handled
                        e.printStackTrace();
                        return;
                }
        }
    }

    private static String generatePing(int sequence_num)
    {
        // For getting current date and time 
        SimpleDateFormat sdfNow = new SimpleDateFormat("MM/dd/yyyy HH:mm:ss");
        String strNow = sdfNow.format(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()));
        return "PING #" + sequence_num + " " + System.currentTimeMillis() + " ("+strNow+")";
    }

    //Print ping page to standard output stream
    private static void printData(DatagramPacket request) throws Exception
    {
        String response = new String(request.getData());
        String[] tokens = response.split(" ");
        
        //Create sent and received timestamps for RTT
        long sent_timestamp = new Long(tokens[TOKEN_TIMESTAMP]);
        long received_timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();

        //RTT
        long rtt = received_timestamp - sent_timestamp;

        //Display results
        System.out.print(response+" Received from "+
                request.getAddress().getHostAddress() + " "+"(RTT=" + rtt + "ms)"+CRLF);
    }
}
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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

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PHP Screw 컴파일시 에러날 때

Computer/Linux / 리눅스 2011. 10. 12. 11:09
php_screw-1.5/php_screw.c:124: error: ‘struct _zend_compiler_globals’ has no member named ‘extended_info’
php_screw-1.5/php_screw.c: In function ‘zm_shutdown_php_screw’:
php_screw-1.5/php_screw.c:133: error: ‘struct _zend_compiler_globals’ has no member named ‘extended_info’
make: *** [php_screw.lo] Error 1

이러한 에러가 날 경우, 위의 에러메시지의 라인 124, 133을 찾아보면 CG(extended_info) = 1; 라고 적혀있는데, 이것을 주석처리하거나 삭제한 뒤, 다시 make 하면 된다.
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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

,

현재 운영 중인 iptables

Computer/Linux / 리눅스 2011. 9. 17. 22:52
내가 현재 관리 중인 서버의 iptables 정책을 공개한다. 공개해서 개선/유지/보수 하는 것이 목적.
이상없이 돌아가고 있기 때문에 그대로 쓰면 된다.

#!/bin/bash

#################################################################

# Title   : A simple firewall for home users #

# Version  : 1.1 #

# Tested-on : ubuntu 11.04//sbin/iptables v1.4.4 #

# Author  : Brian Jung (09/17/2011) #

# Copyright : N/A  #

# Note   : Thanks to Ubuntu Korea users #

#################################################################


##[ COMMON ROUTINE ]##############################################

## Variables ##

##################################################################

HOME=$(ifconfig -a eth0 | awk '/(cast)/ { print $2 }' | cut -d ':' -f2 | head -1);

iPGroup_BLACKLIST="";


# Block Services - 닫을 포트를 여기에 추가한다.

portGroup_KNOWN_SERVICE="21 23 25 53 69 79 87 110 111 161 512 513 514 515 540 631 1080 1214 2000 2049 4288 5000 6000 6001 6002";


# Must be open for SSH
port_SSH="22";


##[ COMMON ROUTINE ]##############################################

## Initialize ##

##################################################################

#........................................remove previous policies

/sbin/iptables --flush;

/sbin/iptables --delete-chain;

/sbin/iptables --zero;

/sbin/iptables --table nat --flush;

/sbin/iptables --policy INPUT ACCEPT;

/sbin/iptables --policy FORWARD ACCEPT;

/sbin/iptables --policy OUTPUT ACCEPT;


#.....................................................DROP::ALL

/sbin/iptables --policy INPUT  DROP;

/sbin/iptables --policy FORWARD DROP;

/sbin/iptables --policy OUTPUT DROP;


#......................................ACCEPT::incoming traffic

/sbin/iptables --append INPUT --in-interface lo --jump ACCEPT;


#......................................ACCEPT::outgoing traffic

/sbin/iptables --append OUTPUT --jump ACCEPT;


#..............................................................

##[ COMMON ROUTINE ]##############################################

## Start using internet(TCP,UDP) ##

##################################################################

#............................................ACCEPT::INPUT::ALL

/sbin/iptables --append INPUT --in-interface eth0 --match state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED --jump ACCEPT;

/sbin/iptables --append INPUT --in-interface eth0 --match state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED --jump ACCEPT;


#..............................................................

###############################################################

## Customized area(WARNING::DO NOT USE '--destination-port') ##

###############################################################

#..............................................DROP::black list

for IPLIST in $iPGroup_BLACKLIST

do

/sbin/iptables --table filter --insert INPUT --protocol tcp --source $IPLIST --destination $HOME --jump DROP;

done;



#.............................................REJECT::KNOWN.PORT::STEALTH

for STEALTH_PORT in $portGroup_KNOWN_SERVICE;

do

/sbin/iptables --table filter --insert INPUT --protocol tcp --match state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED --source 0/0 --source-port $STEALTH_PORT --jump REJECT;

/sbin/iptables --table filter --insert OUTPUT --protocol tcp --match state --state ESTABLISHED --source $HOME --source-port $STEALTH_PORT --jump REJECT;

done;


#...................................................ACCEPT::ssh

for IPLIST in $iPGroup_USER_SSH;

do

/sbin/iptables --table filter --insert INPUT --protocol tcp --match state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED --source $IPLIST --source-port $port_SSH --destination $HOME --jump ACCEPT;

/sbin/iptables --table filter --insert OUTPUT --protocol tcp --match state --state ESTABLISHED   --source $HOME --source-port $port_SSH --destination $IPLIST --jump ACCEPT;

done;


##################################################################

## Block known attacks ##

##################################################################


#.............................................. DROP::port scan

/sbin/iptables --new-chain port-scan;

/sbin/iptables --append port-scan --protocol tcp --tcp-flags SYN,ACK,FIN,RST RST --match limit --limit 1/s --jump RETURN;

/sbin/iptables --append port-scan --jump DROP;


#....................................................DROP::ping

/sbin/iptables --append INPUT --protocol icmp --match icmp --icmp-type echo-request --jump DROP;

/sbin/iptables --append OUTPUT --protocol icmp --match icmp --icmp-type echo-reply  --jump DROP;


#.....................................DROP::no syn flood attack

/sbin/iptables --new-chain syn-flood;

/sbin/iptables --append syn-flood --protocol tcp --syn --match limit --limit 1/s --limit-burst 4 --jump ACCEPT;

/sbin/iptables --append syn-flood --protocol tcp --syn --jump DROP;


#..............................................................

##################################################################

## Log ##

##################################################################

#......................................................examples

#/sbin/iptables --append INPUT  --jump LOG --log-prefix "FIREWALL:INPUT ";

#/sbin/iptables --append FORWARD --jump LOG --log-prefix "FIREWALL:FORWARD";

#/sbin/iptables --append OUTPUT --jump LOG --log-prefix "FIREWALL:OUTPUT ";

#..............................................................

##[ COMMON ROUTINE ]###########################################

## End of traffic                      ##

###############################################################

#................................................can be omitted

/sbin/iptables --append INPUT --jump DROP;

/sbin/iptables --append OUTPUT --jump DROP;

#.............................................................. 
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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

,

Research paper: Rural and urban lifestyles

Essay 2011. 8. 4. 15:55
Name: Seowon Jung
Instructor: Robin-claire L. Mann
Class: SOC100-31125
Date: 10/28/2008


My team went to research on August 12th. My team members were Matt Maeda, Patty Carr, Rebecca Vinson, and Samantha Makini. This was my first time to research something in the U.S. However, English is not my first language, therefore, interviewing local people was really hard. Nevertheless, I was trying to listen, understand, and focus on their speaking, as a result, I could write down approximately 5 pages.

My teams first destination was Laie. Also going other places from Honolulu was my first time. Laie seemed like rural, silent, and clean. It was different from Honolulu. There were no high buildings, shopping center, and even starbucks. We went to Brigham Young University, and we could interview some of students and faculties. One of faculty, who is from India, thought about the role of school that BYU has influenced many places. Everybody knows this school and goes to the church every Sunday morning. School has educated people not to be stupid. BYU students are from many diverse countries such as India, China, and Japan. Some of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are too exclusive and they dont open their mind. They have almost same hobbies compared with urban people. They would watch TV, movies; and listen music. However, they are living so far from city, so they envy town people. Some of students would go fishing. Other student said that he thought they didnt need the police because of BYU. Everybody is good and nice, not rude. Maybe some of places might need them. They dont have any experience about racial discrimination. He said thats why he is in Hawaii. We left BYU and moved other place. We found a man; he said he is a supervisor of store, asked about involving society. He said that he wanted to be involved society or any communities but he is so busy. Therefore, in order to keep living with his wife, he needs to work. Her wife said they have a son who is a football player in his elementary school. She wanted to be involved her sons football club, but she needs to work, so she so busy and always feels sorry.

We moved to Kahuku. Actually, I have ever been to Kahuku to eat the Truck Shrimp. As I expected, Kahuku was more silent and nobody was there. Some of tourist was eating shrimp, but they looked like uncomfortable and not to want to be interviewed and not to want to spend their time for us. So we decided to move another place like a quiet place. We met a group there, and we asked some questions about their neighborhood and relationships. One of them said that their neighbors are good and excellent. A lot of families people are related here and they share their meal together. They often have a meeting. Neighbors are good and nice. He thinks they dont need the police. I asked him about rail system; he said that rail system wouldnt be of value. Amount of users really need it. He wishes to use rail system soon. Other woman said she was working at church. She has helped people who need her help. Kahuku people look nice and some of boys and girls are handicap. They need her help at church. She mentioned about rail system. She said she doesnt need the rail system because she has her own car and she didnt want to wait for a train or waste her time. Besides, she was not involved in any youth community but she was interested in it. Besides, school must educate student. She said she didnt understand if students have really been educated. One man said that the rail system is really important. Using the rail system could be saved our money. Students dont have own car. Moreover, constructing rail system could increase many jobs. However, his wife had a different opinion from her husband. Hawaiis unique environment could be damaged. Many mongoose and gecko could be died due to construct.

After that, we went to Waialua. In Waialua, finding people was really hard. So, we had to do door-to-door. One of retired man, who was a teacher, said that he thought people needs the police because; he could not see anybody at night on the street. He has a car but he wanted to walk around his home. One of housewife said, it was hard to get bathrooms at shopping center. Many shopping centers have a lot of bathrooms but small malls dont have it. Besides bathrooms dont have bath tissues but most people dont have bath tissues. So malls need to do this. Moreover, some of malls bathrooms are too dirty to use. He, who was a supervisor of store, experienced that he needed to ask for bathroom keys to clerk to use bathrooms because sometime homeless people would sleep there so, due to security problem there they would lock the bathroom doors. 

And then we moved to Nanakuli and found out a shopping mall. So, we asked people in there. We went to the Checker Automobile and we asked him. He said many people want to relate together but they are busy, have to work, because of their kids. Other woman said she was better than city people because they are busier than her. Town people need to take a rest because they are so busy and they dont have their hobbies. Everyday they work. We wend to the Sackn Save and asked a lot of customers. Some of people said, they often come to here but now everything is so expensive. They said the reason is due to gas price. So the government has to develop alternative fuels. Someday the oil will be empty and people will need something instead of oil to drive a car. One of employee said the school must teach the student to save the resources such as electricity and gasoline. Now youth wastes so many things. The children have to know how to separate garbage. Many countries are doing separate garbage but the garbage from the U.S, where are they going? Where are they? They dont understand how we spend so many things.

My teams last destination was Waianae. We could visit every place in a day. I met a public school teacher and interviewed her. She said that education is OK but student dont respect teacher. They dont listen and study. Behavior at school, they meet to cocaine easier than town students. In contrast, the town students are stricter. Besides, 36 schools need more funding. One professional tutor said, homeless people at the beach need more program and need to get a job. They are really dangerous and people dont understand why they dont work. They seem they wont to do nothing. The reason of that they become homeless people is they are dull. They cannot live in society. Thats why they are homeless people. The government needs to get them away from tourists because the number of tourist has been decreased because of them. Sometimes, they beg the money or takeout food. Moreover, they might threaten the tourist. Some of people didnt see homeless people in Waikiki but here Waianae, so many homeless people are here. The government has to do something for them.

In conclusion, a lot of people are interested in social problem, issue, their life and other peoples life. Nonetheless, due to their job, they cant do anything for themselves or other people. However, in my opinion, I think busy is a social issue and phenomenon. So, although the people are so busy, we could figure out something in their life if you have more patient and study them.

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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

,

Malama ‘Aina

Essay 2011. 8. 4. 15:54
Name: Jung, Seowon
Class:  HWST107-WI
Instructor: Luukia Archer
Date: 7/29/2008

          Nowadays, a lot of islands in unknown places have been modernized and the Western culture has affected back stump places such as Africa, Micronesia for a couple of hundreds years. However, nevertheless, a lot of Africans, islanders have still lived same savage life style until now. Moreover, the satisfaction rate of their life has been decreased more and more than before. Has the western culture system been something wrong? Otherwise, have they refused to accept the western culture? Of course, they were already ready to accept the western culture, but the most important thing for them should be nature and people must have not known this.

 Hawaii’s history is as sad as Korea’s it, because, as we know, Hawaii was incorporated into U.S forced. According to Hawaiian Independence, “One meaning of "sovereignty" is control over land and natural resources: the land, the water in the land, the ocean (including a 200 mile Exclusive Economic Zone) and the air we breathe. We know well that the indigenous approach to "managing" these "resources" is fundamentally different from the Western colonial approach, emphasizing balance, reciprocity and sustainability versus domination, exploitation and exhaustion. (2008)” People who had lived in Hawaii were native Hawaiians but, their governors were from U.S that native Hawaiian wouldn’t have wanted them to be in Hawaii in order to govern Hawaiian. The governors from U.S would cut down the trees and build a couple of factories where native Hawaiian had lived in. However, Hawaii is only one dynasty of the U.S and governors should think that they needed to protect Hawaii’s language, nature, and environmental unique culture. Nevertheless, some of native Hawaiian has asserted an independence of Hawaii. I guess that native Hawaiian thinks U.S government has destroyed nature and environment of Hawaii but Hawaii is the most famous and beautiful place in the world, as we know. Hawaii has a major role to play as an international trading port and financial center, and will certainly participate actively in the global economy (Hawaiian Independence, 2008). Hawaii is estimated as the best city of the nature and city are combined well each other in the U.S. According to Hawaii’s island of adventure, “The natural environment is Hawaii Island’s greatest asset for visitors and residents alike (2008)”.

          However, native Hawaiians seem to be unsatisfied regarding that Hawaii is the most famous and has a major role in the world. Because, they are worrying about unique environments of Hawaii. Besides that people destroy the nature, Hawaii has continually been affected and shaped by species of plants and animals that are imported (Subashini, 2008). If so, what will the imported animals and plants give effects on environment of Hawaii? Of course, the native animals might lose their own territorial’s from imported. However, the most important thing is that people need more land to build the house, building and store; and they have constructed them regardless of native Hawaiian’s advice and wish.

          As I mentioned, Hawaii is the best city that is combined both nature and city well. Hawaii’s nature problems could be the native animals’ problem and even native Hawaiian people, too.  However, try as they may, they can’t solve it because, many people who are living in Hawaii want them to see great building, house, and shopping center. Moreover, because of the budget Hawaii state government depends on tourist revenues, and the opinion from native Hawaiian that they want to protect Hawaii’s land could be ignored.

          In conclusion, native Hawaiians want to protect the nature, land, and environment of Hawaii; and people want to develop this city, island, and state as a fiftieth in the U.S to get more tourists and make more money. Even if the Malama ‘Aina is an event regarding “Apology resolution”, many native Hawaiians look that they are worrying about their nature, land, and environment more than trouble about land. In this point, the U.S government need to concern about Hawaii’s unique environment, protecting nature, and their land more than before; and, they need to solve the problem about the land that they compensated damage from forced incorporation for native Hawaiians.




Work cited:
Subashini Ganesan, The Silent Invasion. July 17 2008, Maui Weekly,
          < http://www.mauiweekly.com/Malama%20Aina/story7246.aspx>
Hawaiian Independence, Hawaiian Independence and a Sustainable Future, July 28 2008,
          <http://www.hawaii-nation.org/malamaaina.html>
Hawaii’s island of adventure, July 28 2008,
          < http://www.bigisland.org/activities-land/251/malama-aina-care-for-the-land>


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Kamehameha School

Essay 2011. 8. 4. 15:52
Name: Jung, Seowon
Class: HWST107-WI
Instructor: Luukia Archer
Date: 8/14/2008

Every U.S citizens have the right to be educated without any charge and discriminations. The government would budget to educate them at primary, middle and high school. Indeed, some parents want their children to be educated by better environment, school, and teachers; so, they would send them to the private school that the tuition is very expensive. A few days ago, one private school in Hawaii has been a major issue again that four non-Hawaiian students are suing Kamehamaha School for reason of racial discrimination after they were denied admission. (KITV, 2008)

Kamehameha School is one of the most excellent schools in Hawaii that everything is free for the students who are qualified as native Hawaiian including royal families that the students must be 25% or more blood quantum. Therefore, every native Hawaiian including who has been living with difficulty more than before, can be educated high standard compared with other public schools. In other viewpoint, the royal families of the Hawaiian Kingdom are victims as an overthrown of the Hawaiian Kingdom by invasion and exploitation from the western culture. Therefore, the ancestors of the royal families of Hawaiian Kingdom thought that their descendants needed to be educated in high standard; and In 1883, Bernice Pauahi Bishop directed that the remainder of her estate, inherited through her cousin Princess Ruth Keelikolani, be held in trust “to erect and maintain in the Hawaiian Islands two schools... one for boys and one girls, to be known as and called the Kamehameha Schools.” She directed her five trustees to invest her estate at their discretion and use the annual income to operate the schools, and also to devote a portion of each years income to the support and education of orphans, and others in indigent circumstances, giving the preference to Hawaiians of pure or part aboriginal blood. (Kamehameha School, 2008). This school is absolutely operated by individual property for native Hawaiian; and non-native Hawaiian is not eligible to enter this school.

Nevertheless, the reason of suing by four non-native Hawaiian students was that the prohibited enrollment of the non-native Hawaiian was wrong for equal opportunity to an education and racial discrimination. In the past, a lot of poor people could not go to school because they did not have money. These days, however, nobody says that they can't go to school because they don't have money. That's why the government has supported education of the citizen until high school. Of course, the four students are not from low-income families, and they just want to go to the school that has better environment to study. However, Kamehameha School is for native Hawaiian, not public school. Maybe, this might be planned lawsuit to make a lot of money. Because, according to KITV, “It was more than a year ago the estate settled a similar lawsuit over its admissions policy which gives preference to Native Hawaiians. The school paid out a reported $7 million (KITV, 2008)”. Indeed, his problem was complicated because, his mother had been adopted by a Hawaiian family, therefore, his mother said his son was Hawaiian. (Rick Daysog, 2003)

My view on this issue is that I agree to the policy of Kamehameha School because, the policy that admission is allowed only native Hawaiian is kind of compensation of national self-respect and pride as native Hawaiian. Maybe, the U.S government might rather have to maintain the unique characteristics of Hawaii than native Hawaiian. Therefore, native Hawaiian needs to educate their descendants to know who they are, where they are from, and what they are going to do.

However, the exclusive policy could make people to split into petty factions. Moreover, the policy could make inharmonic relationships between native Hawaiian and non-native Hawaiian. Eventually, non-native Hawaiian could probably discriminate native Hawaiian in public service. Kamehameha School paid $7 million dollars and they might have satisfied that they could keep the policy but someday they will have to solve this problem. Therefore, they have to make a settlement again in someday without discrimination, money, and, lawsuit; and I suggest three solutions. First is, Kamehameha School had better establish an exceptive clause on the policy for non-native Hawaiian who has the potential to become like leaders in their respective communities and also Hawaii. Of course, Kamehameha School is going to break their tradition but, they could make a great contribution for people between Hawaiian and non-native Hawaiian. Second is operating another school for non-native Hawaiian. Even though Kamehameha School is for native-Hawaiian, the reason of many students want to enroll this school is that this school provides better environment than other public school, even private schools; and everything for their students without any charging as I know. Last one is to register such as a special school in Hawaii government in order to inherit that Kamehameha School needs to teach unique Hawaiian culture, language, and spirit to their students. Therefore, Kamehameha School will have different purpose from other schools. Finally, I strongly believe that between Kamehameha School students and non-native Hawaiian people will be living together in harmony.




Work cited:
Kamehameha School. “Questions and Answers about KS Admissions Policies”,
Aug 6 2008, Honolulu HI,
<http://www.ksbe.edu/admissions/QandA.php>
Rick Daysog. “School lets non-hawaiian stay”, Honolulu Star-Bulletin Hawaii
News, Dec 2, 2003.
<http://starbulletin.com/2003/11/29/news/story3.html>
KITV. “Kamehameha School Faces Another Lawsuit”, Aug 6, 2008.
<http://www.kitv.com/news/17117806/detail.html?subid=10101241>


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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

,

Language and Culture

Essay 2011. 8. 4. 15:51
Name: Jung, Seowon
Class: HWST107-WI
Instructor: Luukia Archer
Date: 8/2/2008 

Language is an ability to create and using language is the most distinctive feature of humans. Each language holds a history and culture, giving identity and roots. Yet, worldwide, 4 languages die every two months. Of the 6,000 languages known, only 3,000 will be left by the end of the 21st century. Even though there is a lot of language in this universe, nobody knows the origin of language. Of course we couldn’t live without language, but what we know is that the language was from the event of the Babel Tower. Many linguists have studied its origin and how it was made. Many animal and even plant species communicate with each other. Humans are not unique in this capability.  However, human language is unique in being a symbolic communication system that is learned instead of biologically inherited. However, the most important thing is language and speech are not the same thing and language and speech have affected our culture, life and development of technologies.
 
Common culture and common language facilitate trade between individuals. Individuals have incentives to learn the other languages and cultures so that they have a larger pool of potential trading partners. The value of assimilation is larger to an individual from a small minority than to one from a large minority group. When a society has a very large majority of individuals from one culture, individuals from minority groups will be assimilated more quickly. Assimilation is less likely when an immigrant's native culture and language are broadly represented in his or her new country. Also, when governments protect minority interests directly, incentives to be assimilated into the majority culture are reduced. In a pluralistic society, a government policy that encourages diverse cultural immigration over concentrated immigration is likely to increase the welfare of the native population. Sometimes, policies that subsidize assimilation and the acquisition of majority language skills can be socially beneficial. The theory is tested and confirmed by examining U.S. census data, which reveal that the likelihood that an immigrant will learn English is inversely related to the proportion of the local population that speaks his or her native language.

America is a country of many races and cultures, and with each passing year, more health care providers are recognizing the challenge of caring for patients from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Health care professionals and managers must have a basic understanding of the impact of language and culture on health care delivery in order to efficiently organize services that meet the needs of both the institution and a diverse patient population. According to Veronica, “Hawaiian was an oral language. The 19th century missionaries, however, were supposed to teach their converts to read the Bible, and created a writing system with an alphabet of only twelve letters for words of indigenous Hawaiian origin. The Hawaiian language became the language of the government, remained the most commonly used language in daily life, and was used between the numerous different ethnic groups who had all arrived here to work the plantations. The alphabets were later expanded to allow for two unique characteristics in the Hawaiian word that the missionaries had missed. (2008)”

Hawaiian remains the languages of the heart and soul. The languages sways like a palm tree in a gentle wind. Their words are as melodious as a love song. Hawaiian is a Polynesian language spoken throughout the inhabited Hawaiian Islands. In the nineteenth century it became a written language and was the language of the Hawaiian government and the people. With the subjugation of Hawaii under the rule of the United States in 1898, Hawaiian was supplanted and English became the official language. Hawaiian was a dying language. Fortunately, today it is experiencing a rebirth through courses of study and the Hawaiian people's general interest in their roots. In 1978, Hawaiian was re-established as an official language of the State of Hawaii and, in 1990, the federal Government of the United States adopted a policy to recognize the right of Hawaii to preserve, use, and support their indigenous language. Since 1970, "Olelo Hawaii", or the Hawaiian language, has undergone a tremendous revival, including the rise of language immersion schools. The cultural revitalization that Hawaiians are now experiencing and transmitting to their children is a reclamation of their own past (Alternative-Hawaii, 2002). 

In conclusion, many languages have been disappeared including Hawaiian. One of reasons is that some countries are trying to cross out languages of their colonies. Why wouldn’t they want to see the people who talk in their language in their colony? Because, the languages could affect economy activities, diplomacy, national defense as well as culture; and the culture can affect everything of people in a country. 


Work cited:
Veronica S. Schweitzer, Olelo Hawaii, Oct 1997, Coffee Times,
<http://www.coffeetimes.com/language.htm>
Ala Mua Hawaii 2002, Aug 2008, Alternative Hawaii,
<http://www.alternative-hawaii.com/hacul/language.htm>

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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

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Article Report #1

Essay 2011. 8. 4. 15:48
Class: ECON130
Name: Seowon Jung
Instructor: Barbara Ross
Source: Wall Street Journal, B1, Sep-29-2008

Still makers in the U.S decided to reduce outage because demand for steel has been decreased by the credit crisis. Besides, automobile and construction markets are becoming slowdown. Some of steel makers predict and already provide against emergencies that they will not keep earning revenues in the years second half. Although the some of law material costs were decreased, it seemed that didnt give any effects. Therefore, they have planned to reduce output by about 15% in this year.

The steel is raw material to build roads, bridges and office buildings. The reason of decreasing demand for steel is that some projects are postponed or held by unpredictable financial market; and slowdown in automobile and construction markets. Moreover, the steel buyers are purchasing only what they immediately need; and they do not want to overstock the steel in their factories because the price of the steel might be increased later. However, unfortunately, demand from other countries will not be substituted for domestic growth. Therefore, because the demand has been decreases, supply and the equilibrium price will be decreases. Especially, in this case, equilibrium quantity and demand will be decreased. Because, the reason of decreasing demand for the steel is not only due to high price but also the credit crisis. Besides, many steel users dont want to overstock the steel in their factories and want to use immediately the steel as soon as purchasing. Therefore, equilibrium quantity will not be increased. Besides, there is another reason about decreasing supply. The steel maker decided to reduce outage.

In conclusion, the related market, which is every market using the steel such as automobile, construction, heavy machinery, and military weapons, will be depressed. Equilibrium quantity and price would be placed a specific point. Demand started to decrease, and therefore supply price, and quantity will be decreased. Furthermore, equilibrium quantity and price will be decreased, too. So, price, demand, supply, equilibrium quantity and price will be decreased. Therefore, only the customers gain, the steel users such as the construction and automobile companies lose due to slowdown in their market, and steel maker will be lost too due to the steel users.

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Seowon Jung의 잡동사니 보관소

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Article Report #2

Essay 2011. 8. 4. 15:47
ECON130-31041
Name: Seowon Jung 
Instructor: Barbara Ross
Source: gulfnews.com 11/16/2008
 
Summary:
The oil price is going down. The Dow Jones Industrial Average was 337.94 points on 11/14/2008 and the Chicago Board of Options Exchange is seeing options to sell oil at $30.00 a barrel now. The oil buyer has not been interested in buying the oil for almost 2 years because of too low price to make profits. The Brent is selling $53.85 as priced 60 percent off. The largest oil consumer in the world, U.S, has reduced their oil expenditure about two million barrels per day. 

Analysis:
First of all, the U.S, the largest oil consumer, has reduced oil expenditure due to the economic slump is the most important point. The oil doesnt have any substitutions and complements. Indeed, we can use the solar power, electricity for the hybrid car and any other nature resources for what we need but they are not popularized yet. Even though the oil producer will keep producing it in order not to make more loss by fixed cost but consumers demand wont be changed. As a result, the oil price wont be increased. Therefore, the demand curve will be moved to the left and getting inelastic; and the supply curve wont be changed before the oil market will be buoyant. The oil market is kind of oligopoly market because only a couple of countries can produce the oil. Their association, OPEC, decides the output and even the price. Therefore, decreasing demand of an oligopolistic good like the oil is an exceptional case. Besides, it is an evidence to prove that this blow of an economic slump is serious problem.

Conclusion:
The price between willing to sell and willing to buy is not matched. Consumers are reducing or not buying the oil; and the oil trader is not attracted by the oil. As a result the oil price has been decreased and mediated by invisible hand. After the economic slump at this present, if we could overcome from this economic sump, the demand curve will be moved to the right and elastic. However, the supply curve will be inelastic and the oil output wont be changed because the oil output, supply and price are decided by OPEC. Besides, the demand for oil will be the price inelastic in the short run but elastic in the long run.

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